Preventing complications
Hygiene measures prevent infections and complications and are therefore of great importance in everyday life.
It is also very important to take your medications as prescribed, even when you are feeling well to avoid complications, and to report any side effects to your physician.
Body hygiene
The skin is the body's natural barrier against microorganisms. This natural barrier is injured when puncturing an arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous graft. In patients with catheters (either in peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis), the skin is injured during insertion and there is also a risk later due to improper handling during connection/disconnection. Therefore, great importance is placed on hygienic/aseptic working practices in home dialysis training.
The word asepsic refers to all measures to reduce the number of infectious microorganisms.
Hand washing and disinfection
Hand hygiene aims to reduce the number of infectious agents in order to significantly minimise the risk of infection. There are two techniques for hand hygiene: Hand washing (with soap and water) and hand rubbing (with alcohol-based solution). Perform one of them always before taking any action related to your treatment, especially:
- Before preparing for treatment
- Before setting up the dialysis machine
- Before puncture
Vaccinations and avoiding infections
Patients with chronic kidney disease have a higher risk of infections due to their compromised immune systems.
Vaccinations can protect you from getting a severe infectious disease by enhancing your body's immune system response by inducing the production of specific antibodies. They are necessary because they help your body find and kill the specific organisms if you encounter the actual disease. Vaccinations are normally completed with just one shot; some require additional shots or repetitions from time to time to produce a sufficient immune response. Vaccinations mean that the risk of people falling ill and infecting others can be reduced significantly.
Several vaccines are recommended for the general population, with some additional recommendations for patients with chronic kidney disease. Vaccinations for influenza, pneumococcus, hepatitis B and tetanus/diphtheria are especially important.
Your care team will support you in getting your vaccinations and remind you about them if you would like. If possible, please bring your vaccination passport with you when you visit your physician, as you might also receive vaccinations from different physicians.
If there are any signs of infection (e.g. redness, swelling, itching, sensitivity, pain and fever) or you suspect you may be getting an infection, contact your dialysis team immediately.
It is very important that you disinfect and dress the catheter exit site before each dialysis treatment, as directed by your dialysis team. Strictly adhere to the instructions as provided by the dialysis team when connecting and disconnecting the dialysis catheter. Also make sure that your catheter is protected as much as possible in everyday life (during personal hygiene, housework or gardening).
There are three types of infections in peritoneal dialysis:
- Peritonitis: an infection in the peritoneal cavity
- Exit site infection: an infection in the skin around the exit site of your PD catheter
- Tunnel infection: an infection of the catheter pathway under the skin
In most cases, these infections can be solved with the appropriate treatment, especially if they are approached early. However, some infections can be very serious and can result in catheter removal or even having to stop peritoneal dialysis treatment. That is why early recognition and treatment with the proper dose of medication is absolutely necessary. Most of your training involves ways to prevent and recognise these three types of infections.
The primary goal of hygiene measures in PD is to prevent peritonitis, as this may require an interruption of treatment. Peritonitis is caused by organisms entering the abdominal cavity. You can prevent peritonitis by:
- Paying the utmost attention to hygiene
- Following hygiene measures taught by your nurse (this may include wearing a face mask and practicing regular hand hygiene)
- Changing the bags according to the instructions
Despite all precautions, you may not be able to rule out the possibility of contracting peritonitis. You should contact your dialysis centre immediately if you have even the slightest suspicion of an infection.
Always ensure that you work hygienically when changing dressings and bags. This includes:
- Disinfection of the workspace
- Adequate hand hygiene when performing dialysis
- Wearing a face mask
- Not having pets in the PD treatment room
- Regular dressing changes in accordance with the instructions by your healthcare team
- Body hygiene
No organisms should get into your catheter extension port. Therefore, the end of the catheter extension must not be touched under any circumstances when the protective cap is removed.
Infection of the catheter exit site or tunnel infection
There are a number of clear signs that indicate an infection of the catheter exit site:
- Redness
- Swelling
- Tension
- Pain and
- Pus
are symptoms of an infected catheter site. As soon as you notice a change at the catheter exit site, contact your dialysis centre immediately.
A tunnel infection is an infection along the catheter tunnel and often occurs together with an infection at the catheter exit site. The tunnel infection may be indicated by swelling, redness, tension or pain around the catheter tunnel.
How to prevent complications associated with haemodialysis
As the most important member of your healthcare team, you play the key role when it comes to preventing or correcting problems that can lead to long-term and even life-threatening complications.
You can help prevent complications by:
- Taking steps to prevent infection, such as practicing good hygiene at your vascular access site and disinfecting your haemodialysis machine system as advised
- Routinely evaluating the status of your vascular access for signs of infections or any other problems
- Being diligent about your dialysisSkipping dialysis or not doing it according to your prescription may lead to complications
- Keep in touch with your physician and nurse! Show up at appointments and call in case of questions or complications
There are three kinds of vascular access for haemodialysis:
- Arteriovenous fistulae,
- Arteriovenous grafts and
- Central Venous Catheters (CVCs)
An Arteriovenous (AV) fistula is usually first created by a surgical procedure in the non-dominant arm. The connection betweentheartery and thevein ensures that a higher blood flow is obtained in the vein. Due to this, the vein expands, making regular cannulation easier. This is the preferred access for haemodialysis, due to a lower complication rate and better clinical results. The fistula usually takes six to eight weeks to mature before it is ready for cannulation.
If there is any difficulty in creating an AV fistula, an artificial AV graft can be an alternative. This requires connecting the artery and the vein by a synthetic tube implanted under the skin in the arm. In comparison to the AV fistula, it can be already cannulated after two to three weeks; however, complications from blood clotting or infections may occur more often. Nevertheless, grafts can last for several years if they are looked after well.
A Central Venous Catheter (CVC) is a silicone tube placed into a large blood vessel, usually the jugular vein at the bottom of the neck. This invasive procedure is normally carried out under local anaesthesia by a nephrologist. The CVC can be used on a temporary or permanent basis.
Unsuccessful cannulation with AV fistulae and grafts
After an unsuccessful cannulation, a haematoma may appear. A haematoma is a localised collection of blood, usually clotted, in the tissue. Blood may seep into the surrounding tissue, e.g. after an unsuccessful needle placement. If possible, do not place the needle in this area and give the area several days’ rest until the problem resolves. Do not forget to inform your unit if you are being treated at home!
If your fistula or graft is red, swollen and/or painful:
- Do not puncture it!
- Inform your dialysis team immediately!
- Keep your arm elevated!
- Cool your arm, e.g. with a cooling compress (make sure that frostbite does not occur).
Any further questions regarding your preparation for dialysis?
What is an Adverse Event (AE)
Any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical trial subject administered a medicinal product and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment [Dir 2001/20/EC Art 2(m)].
An adverse event can therefore be any unfavourable and unintended sign (e.g. an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom, or disease temporarily associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product (Annex 4 Guideline on good pharmacovigilance practices (GVP) Rev 4).
Reporting Side Effects
If you get any side effects, talk to your Doctor, Pharmacist or Nurse. This includes any possible side effects not listed in the package leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
By reporting side effects, you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.
Report an Adverse Event
Adverse events should be reported. Reporting forms and information can be found at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard. Adverse events should also be reported to Fresenius Medical Care on 01623 445 215 and via medinfo-uk@freseniusmedicalcare.com
Medical Information
Call 01623 445 100 (please choose option 5). Opening times are Monday - Friday 9am - 5pm.
UK/HEMA/FME/0922/0002 – Date of Preparation September 2022.
